Biology flashcards

196 HSC Biology cards across 4 modules (76 definitions, 80 key facts, 39 fill-the-gap, 1 formulas). Each session gives you 20 cards, due cards first. Swipe right for easy, left for hard, down for again. Keyboard: Space to flip, 1 to 4 to rate.

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Sample cards from this deck

Definition
Codominance, incomplete dominance and multiple alleles explained: HSC Biology Module 5
Define Notation
Use uppercase letters with superscripts. For ABO blood groups: $I^A$ and $I^B$ are codominant.
Definition
Biotechnology applications in agriculture, medicine and industry: HSC Biology Module 6
Define Biotechnology
Biotechnology is the use of living organisms or their components to make products or processes for human use. Modern biotechnology relies on recombinant DNA, fermentation and increasingly on genome editing.
Definition
Aboriginal protocols and the development of medicines: HSC Biology Module 7
Define Smokebush (Conospermum species)
Used by Noongar people in Western Australia for treating colds and infections. Screened by the US National Cancer Institute and found to contain conocurvone, a compound with activity against HIV in laboratory studies. WA legislation was amended in the 1990s to require benefit-sharing arrangements after the smokebush case raised concerns about uncompensated extraction.
Definition
Causes of non-infectious disease: HSC Biology Module 8
Define Chromosomal disorders
Whole-chromosome abnormalities. Example: Down syndrome (trisomy 21), Turner syndrome (45,X).
Definition
DNA replication explained: HSC Biology Module 5
Define Meiosis
Meiosis is two divisions (meiosis I then meiosis II) of a germ-line cell after a single DNA replication. Homologous chromosomes pair and undergo crossing over in prophase I and independent assortment in metaphase I, then separate (meiosis I); sister chromatids separate in meiosis II. The result is four genetically unique haploid gametes, the basis of sexual reproduction and variation.
Definition
Causes of mutation: physical, chemical and biological mutagens: HSC Biology Module 6
Define Ionising radiation (X-rays, gamma rays)
Short-wavelength, high-energy electromagnetic radiation. Ionises water in the cell to produce hydroxyl radicals and other reactive species, which break the sugar-phosphate backbone. Causes single-strand and double-strand breaks that are difficult to repair accurately and often produce deletions, translocations and aneuploidy. Linked to leukaemia, thyroid cancer and germline mutations in irradiated populations (e.g. Hiroshima, Chernobyl).
Definition
Adaptive immune response, humoral and cell-mediated immunity: HSC Biology Module 7
Define B lymphocytes (B cells)
Mature in the bone marrow. Each B cell has a unique surface antibody (B-cell receptor) that recognises one antigen.
Definition
Disease management: pharmaceuticals, gene therapy, lifestyle: HSC Biology Module 8
Define GLP-1 receptor agonists (semaglutide)
Stimulate insulin release and suppress appetite. Produces 10 to 15 percent weight loss; reduces cardiovascular events.
Definition
DNA sequencing and DNA profiling (HSC Biology Module 5)
Define Forensics
Match crime-scene DNA to a suspect (or exclude an innocent person) by comparing STR band patterns.
Definition
Effects of mutation on amino acid sequence: coding vs non-coding DNA: HSC Biology Module 6
Define Coding DNA (exons)
Translated into amino acids. A mutation here directly changes the protein sequence (or stops translation).