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NSWModern History← Modern History syllabus

Section III (Peace and Conflict): Conflict in Indochina 1954-1979

14 dot points across 14 inquiry questions. Click any dot point for a focused answer with worked past exam questions where available.

How did the anti-war movement and the media affect the conduct and the outcome of the war?

The anti-war movement in the United States and Australia, the role of the media, including television coverage of the war and the publication of the Pentagon Papers, the Moratorium movement, and the impact of events such as the Kent State shootings

A focused answer to the HSC Modern History Indochina dot point on the anti-war movement and the media. SDS, the March on the Pentagon, the Moratorium marches in Washington and Melbourne, conscription resistance, Kent State on 4 May 1970, the Pentagon Papers in 1971, and television's transformation of war reporting.

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How was the war conducted by the United States and its allies from 1965 to 1968?

The nature and conduct of the war from 1965 to 1968, including the strategies of attrition and search and destroy, the use of air power and Operation Rolling Thunder, the role of Australia and other allies, and the experience of combatants and civilians

A focused answer to the HSC Modern History Indochina dot point on the conduct of the war. Westmoreland's attrition and search and destroy, the body count, Operation Rolling Thunder, the use of helicopters, napalm and Agent Orange, the role of Australia at Long Tan and Phuoc Tuy, the experience of US conscripts and Vietnamese civilians.

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How did the regime of Ngo Dinh Diem in South Vietnam contribute to the conflict?

The nature and policies of the Diem regime in South Vietnam, including the failure to hold the 1956 elections, the strategic hamlet program, the Buddhist crisis, and the coup of November 1963

A focused answer to the HSC Modern History Indochina dot point on the Diem regime. The Republic of Vietnam declared in October 1955, the cancelled 1956 elections, land reform failure, the strategic hamlet program from 1962, the Buddhist crisis of 1963, the Hue and Saigon self-immolations, and the US-backed coup of 1 November 1963 that killed Ngo Dinh Diem and Ngo Dinh Nhu.

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How and why did South Vietnam fall in 1975?

The collapse of South Vietnam in 1975, including the failure of the Paris Peace Accords, the final offensive of the People's Army of Vietnam, the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975, and the reunification of Vietnam

Answer to the HSC Modern History Indochina dot point on the fall of South Vietnam. PAVN buildup under the 1973 ceasefire, the Central Highlands collapse from 10 March 1975, the fall of Hue and Da Nang, Thieu's resignation, Operation Frequent Wind, the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975, and reunification on 2 July 1976.

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How did Ho Chi Minh and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam shape the conflict?

The role of Ho Chi Minh and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, including the consolidation of the North, support for the National Liberation Front, the Ho Chi Minh Trail, and the relationship with the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China

A focused answer to the HSC Modern History Indochina dot point on Ho Chi Minh and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The consolidation of the north after 1954, land reform and its violence, the formation of the National Liberation Front in 1960, the Ho Chi Minh Trail, the Sino-Soviet split and the DRV balancing act, and Le Duan's primacy after Ho's death on 2 September 1969.

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What was the impact of the conflict on civilians and Indochinese society?

The impact of the conflict on civilians and Indochinese society, including the human cost of the war, the use of chemical weapons and Agent Orange, the experience of refugees and boat people, and the long-term legacies for Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos

Answer to the HSC Modern History Indochina dot point on the impact on civilians. The human cost across Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos, Agent Orange and unexploded ordnance, refugee flows including the boat people, re-education camps, the Cambodian genocide, the Laotian secret war, and the long-run legacies.

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How did the conflict extend to Cambodia and what was the impact of the Khmer Rouge regime?

The extension of the conflict to Cambodia, the rise of the Khmer Rouge under Pol Pot, the fall of Phnom Penh on 17 April 1975, the nature and policies of Democratic Kampuchea, and the impact on Cambodian society

A focused answer to the HSC Modern History Indochina dot point on the Khmer Rouge regime. Sihanouk's neutrality, US bombing under Operation Menu, the Lon Nol coup of 18 March 1970, the rise of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge, the fall of Phnom Penh on 17 April 1975, the forced evacuation of cities, Year Zero, the killing fields, S-21, and the death of around 1.7 million Cambodians.

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What was the nature of the conflict in Indochina, and why was it fought as guerrilla and conventional war?

The nature of the conflict, including the use of guerrilla and conventional warfare, the strategies of the People's Army of Vietnam and the National Liberation Front, and the strategies of the United States, the Republic of Vietnam, and the allied forces

A focused answer to the HSC Modern History Indochina dot point on the nature of the conflict. Mao's three-stage doctrine adapted by Truong Chinh and Giap, NLF guerrilla tactics including tunnels and ambushes, PAVN regular operations at Ia Drang, Khe Sanh, the Easter Offensive, US conventional doctrine and search and destroy, ARVN limitations, and the integration of political and military struggle.

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What were the origins of the conflict in Indochina and how did the First Indochina War end?

The origins of the conflict, including French colonial rule, the rise of Vietnamese nationalism, the role of Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Minh, the First Indochina War 1946 to 1954, the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu, and the Geneva Conference and Geneva Accords 1954

A focused answer to the HSC Modern History Indochina dot point on origins. French colonialism in Indochina, the rise of Vietnamese nationalism, the Viet Minh, the First Indochina War 1946 to 1954, the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu on 7 May 1954, and the Geneva Accords of 21 July 1954 that partitioned Vietnam at the 17th parallel.

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How did China and the Soviet Union shape the course of the conflict in Indochina?

The role of China and the Soviet Union in the conflict, including their support for the DRV and the NLF, the impact of the Sino-Soviet split, and the strategic context of the Cold War in Asia

Answer to the HSC Modern History Indochina dot point on Chinese and Soviet involvement. PRC recognition of the DRV in January 1950, Chinese aid in the First Indochina War, the Sino-Soviet split, Hanoi's balancing act, Soviet weaponisation from 1965, and the Nixon-Kissinger triangular diplomacy.

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What was the significance of the Tet Offensive of 1968?

The Tet Offensive of January to March 1968, including the planning by the DRV and the NLF, the attacks on Saigon and Hue, the response of the United States and the Republic of Vietnam, and the political and strategic consequences

A focused answer to the HSC Modern History Indochina dot point on the Tet Offensive. Le Duan's planning, the attacks of 30 to 31 January 1968 across more than 100 cities and bases, the embassy raid in Saigon, the battle for Hue from 31 January to 25 February 1968, Khe Sanh, the military defeat of the PLAF, Walter Cronkite's broadcast, and Johnson's 31 March 1968 speech.

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How and why did the United States escalate its involvement in the conflict?

The reasons for and nature of United States involvement, including the policy of containment, the domino theory, the Gulf of Tonkin incident and Resolution of August 1964, and the deployment of ground troops from 1965

A focused answer to the HSC Modern History Indochina dot point on US escalation. The policy of containment, the domino theory under Eisenhower, the Kennedy advisers, the Gulf of Tonkin incidents of 2 and 4 August 1964, the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution of 7 August 1964, the Pleiku attack and Operation Rolling Thunder of February 1965, and the Marine landing at Da Nang on 8 March 1965.

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How did the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia and the Sino-Vietnamese war bring the conflict to an end in 1979?

The Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in December 1978, the overthrow of the Khmer Rouge and the establishment of the People's Republic of Kampuchea, the Sino-Vietnamese war of February to March 1979, and the end of the conflict in Indochina

Answer to the HSC Modern History Indochina dot point on the end of the conflict. Khmer Rouge raids into Vietnam, the Vietnamese invasion of 25 December 1978, the fall of Phnom Penh on 7 January 1979, the People's Republic of Kampuchea under Heng Samrin, and the Chinese punitive invasion from 17 February to 16 March 1979.

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How did Vietnamisation and the Paris peace process bring the United States out of the conflict?

The policy of Vietnamisation, the expansion of the war into Cambodia and Laos, the role of Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho, the Easter Offensive and Linebacker bombings of 1972, and the Paris Peace Accords of January 1973

A focused answer to the HSC Modern History Indochina dot point on Vietnamisation and the Paris peace process. Nixon's June 1969 Guam doctrine, ARVN expansion, the Cambodian incursion of April 1970, the Laotian operation of February 1971, the Easter Offensive of March 1972, the Linebacker bombings, and the Paris Peace Accords signed on 27 January 1973.

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