Chemistry Q&A by dot point

Conduct an investigation to perform titrations of strong acid and strong base, weak acid and strong base, and weak base and strong acid, and analyse the data to determine concentration, pH at the equivalence point, and appropriate indicator selection

Investigate the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases, including conjugate acid/base pairs and the behaviour of amphiprotic species

Investigate the structure and properties of buffer systems, including their composition, how they resist pH change, and their importance in natural systems such as blood

Use collision theory to explain and predict the effect of concentration, temperature, surface area and catalysts on the rate at which a system approaches equilibrium

Explore the relationship between entropy, enthalpy and Gibbs free energy in the context of a reaction's spontaneity, and evaluate given the equation delta-G = delta-H minus T delta-S why a reaction that has a negative delta-H is not always spontaneous, and why some reactions do not go to completion

Deduce the equilibrium expression (in terms of Keq) for homogeneous reactions, and perform calculations to find the value of Keq and concentrations of substances within an equilibrium system

Investigate the effects of temperature, concentration, volume and/or pressure on a system at equilibrium and explain how Le Chatelier's principle can be used to predict such effects

Conduct investigations and perform calculations to determine the pH and pOH of strong and weak acids and bases, applying the formulae pH equals negative log of hydrogen ion concentration, and pH plus pOH equals 14

Predict the solubility of an ionic substance by applying solubility equilibrium principles, and perform calculations involving the solubility product constant (Ksp) and the ionic product

Investigate the differences between static and dynamic equilibrium, and reversible and non-reversible reactions, using practical examples

Investigate the application of buffer systems in natural and industrial contexts, including the bicarbonate buffer in blood and the Henderson-Hasselbalch description of buffer pH

Investigate quantitatively the relationship between the strength of conjugate acid-base pairs, including the relationship Ka times Kb equals Kw

Calculate concentration changes on dilution using c1v1 = c2v2 and predict the effect of dilution on pH for strong and weak acid and base solutions

Investigate the enthalpy of neutralisation, including the calorimetric determination of the heat released when strong and weak acid-base combinations react

Investigate the properties of acids and bases and the historical development of the Arrhenius model of acids and bases

Predict and write balanced molecular, ionic and net ionic equations for reactions of acids with active metals, metal carbonates and hydrogencarbonates, and bases (including metal oxides and hydroxides)

Distinguish between the strength and the concentration of acids and bases, including investigation of the degree of ionisation and the relationship between ionisation, conductivity, and pH

Analyse titration curves for strong-strong, strong-weak and weak-strong combinations to identify the equivalence point, distinguish it from the end point, and justify indicator selection

Investigate the structural formulae, properties, classification (primary, secondary, tertiary), oxidation reactions and production by hydration of alkenes for alcohols up to C8

Investigate the structural formulae, properties and reactions of aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids, including their formation by oxidation of alcohols and chemical tests that distinguish them

Investigate the structural formulae, classification, properties and formation of amines and amides

Investigate the structural formulae, properties, applications, formation by esterification, and hydrolysis (including saponification) of esters

Investigate the structural formulae, properties and reactions of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes, including combustion and addition reactions of alkenes

Apply IUPAC rules to name and represent the structural formula of organic compounds including alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and amines

Investigate the structural formulae, properties, formation and uses of addition polymers (polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polytetrafluoroethylene) and condensation polymers (nylon, polyester)

Construct reaction pathways linking the functional groups studied in Module 7 and apply retrosynthesis logic to plan multi-step syntheses, including reagents and conditions for each step

Explain the structure of soaps and detergents, their formation by saponification (base hydrolysis of an ester) or by sulfonation, and how the hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends of the molecule give rise to the cleaning action of a micelle

Investigate the industrial sourcing and separation of hydrocarbons, including fractional distillation of petroleum, catalytic and thermal cracking of larger fractions, and the production of biofuels as an alternative source of hydrocarbon-derived fuels

Evaluate the factors that need to be considered when designing a chemical synthesis process, including availability of reagents, reaction conditions, yield and purity, industrial uses, and environmental, social and economic issues

Conduct investigations to use colourimetry, UV-visible spectrophotometry and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) to measure the concentration of species in aqueous solution

Conduct investigations to measure the concentration of cations and anions in solution using gravimetric analysis and precipitation titrations

Evaluate how the industrial synthesis of ammonia (the Haber process) and of sulfuric acid (the contact process) balance the equilibrium and rate demands of an exothermic, gas-phase reversible reaction to optimise the yield and rate of a commercial product

Investigate the processes used to analyse the structure of simple organic compounds, including infrared spectroscopy

Conduct qualitative investigations to test for the presence in aqueous solutions of cations and anions using flame tests, precipitation reactions and complexation reactions

Investigate the processes used to analyse the structure of simple organic compounds, including mass spectroscopy

Analyse the need for monitoring the environment

Investigate the processes used to analyse the structure of simple organic compounds, including proton and carbon-13 NMR

Conduct qualitative investigations to test for the presence in organic molecules of carbon-carbon double bonds, hydroxyl groups and carboxylic acids