PDHPE (legacy 2012) Q&A by dot point

Groups experiencing health inequities: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples - the nature and extent of the health inequities, sociocultural, socioeconomic and environmental determinants, the roles of individuals, communities and governments in addressing the health inequities

High levels of preventable chronic disease, injury and mental health problems: cardiovascular disease (CVD) as a priority health issue, including the nature, extent and risk factors

Identifying priority health issues: social justice principles, priority population groups, prevalence of condition, potential for prevention and early intervention, costs to the individual and community

Measures of epidemiology (mortality, infant mortality, morbidity, life expectancy) and their use in identifying priority health issues in Australia

Health care in Australia: range and types of health facilities and services, responsibility for health facilities and services, equity of access to health facilities and services, health care expenditure versus expenditure on early intervention and prevention, impact of emerging new treatments and technologies on health care, health insurance: Medicare and private

High levels of preventable chronic disease, injury and mental health problems: mental health problems and illnesses as a priority health issue, including the nature, extent and risk factors

Health promotion based on the five action areas of the Ottawa Charter: developing personal skills, creating supportive environments, strengthening community action, reorienting health services, building healthy public policy

The energy systems: alactacid system (ATP/PC), lactic acid system, aerobic system - the source of fuel, efficiency of ATP production, duration the system can operate, cause of fatigue, by-products of energy production, process and rate of recovery

Nutritional considerations: pre-performance (including carbohydrate loading), during performance, post-performance; supplementation (vitamins/minerals, protein, caffeine, creatine products)

Physiological adaptations in response to training: resting heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output, oxygen uptake and lung capacity, haemoglobin level, muscle hypertrophy, effect on fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscle fibres

Principles of training: progressive overload, specificity, reversibility, variety, training thresholds, warm-up and cool-down

Motivation (positive, negative, intrinsic, extrinsic); anxiety and arousal (trait and state anxiety, sources of stress, optimum arousal); psychological strategies to enhance motivation and manage anxiety (concentration, mental rehearsal, relaxation, goal-setting)

Recovery strategies: physiological (cool-down, hydration), neural (hydrotherapy, massage), tissue damage strategies (cryotherapy), psychological strategies (relaxation)

Stages of skill acquisition: cognitive, associative, autonomous. Characteristics of the learner: personality, heredity, confidence, prior experience, ability. The learning environment: nature of the skill, the performance elements, practice method, feedback. Assessment of skill and performance: characteristics of skilled performers, objective and subjective performance measures, validity and reliability of tests, personal versus prescribed judging criteria.

Types of training and training methods: aerobic, eg continuous, fartlek, aerobic interval, circuit; anaerobic, eg anaerobic interval; flexibility, eg static, ballistic, PNF, dynamic; strength training, eg resistance, isotonic, isometric, isokinetic

Definitions of equity, equality, and social justice in the context of health; the difference between health inequity and health inequality; the principles of equity, diversity, and supportive environments

Health inequities by gender and sexuality: nature and extent of inequities for women, men, and LGBTIQ+ Australians; determinants; the role of intersecting identities

Health inequities by socioeconomic status: nature and extent, determinants of the inequity, the role of education, employment, income, and housing

Health inequities by geographic location: nature and extent for rural, regional and remote Australians; determinants; the role of service access and infrastructure

Strategies to address health inequity: government responses, community-led responses, individual action; the role of the Ottawa Charter; empowerment of groups experiencing inequity

Determinants of health for young people: individual factors (knowledge and skills, attitudes), sociocultural factors (family, peers, media, religion, culture), socioeconomic factors (employment, education, income), environmental factors (geographic location, access to health services and technology)

The nature and extent of the major issues affecting the health of young people in Australia, including mental health, body image and eating disorders, drug use, road safety, sexual health

Support for young people: protective factors that promote youth health (family, friends, school, community, sense of purpose), the roles of health professionals, peer support, and self-care

Drug use: patterns of drug use among young people (alcohol, tobacco, e-cigarettes, illicit drugs), factors contributing to drug use, consequences of drug use, harm minimisation

Mental health: factors contributing to youth mental health (resilience, sense of control, body image, social media, stress), the role of help-seeking behaviour

Application of training principles to a specific sport: integrating progressive overload, specificity, reversibility, variety, training thresholds, warm-up and cool-down into a coherent sport-specific program

Use of drugs to enhance performance: types of performance-enhancing drugs (anabolic steroids, EPO, hGH, peptides, stimulants), the rationale for use, consequences (physical, social, legal), drug testing and the role of WADA, Sport Integrity Australia and ASADA

Planning a training program for an athlete: initial planning considerations (performer's profile, performance goals, demands of the sport), sport-specific energy systems, fitness components, training principles, time available

Use of technology to enhance performance: equipment and apparel (footwear, swimsuits, bikes), recovery technology, monitoring technology (GPS, heart rate, biomarkers), video and biomechanical analysis, ethical considerations of access and fairness

Types of training programs and methods (aerobic, anaerobic, flexibility, strength), application to specific sports, monitoring and adjustment of the training program

Commercialisation of sport: broadcast rights, sponsorship, professional athletes, the influence of media, the rise of sports betting, impact on grassroots sport

The participation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australian sport: historical context, contemporary participation, racism and reconciliation, the role of Indigenous-led sport development

Meanings of sport, physical activity and recreation in Australian society - definitions, distinctions, the role of sport in shaping Australian identity

Participation in sport, physical activity and recreation in Australia: patterns and trends by age, gender, socioeconomic status, geographic location, cultural background and ability

The participation of women in Australian sport: historical patterns and changes, media coverage and visibility, pay equity, governance representation, the rise of women's elite leagues

Classification of sports injuries: direct and indirect, soft tissue (tears, sprains, contusions, skin abrasions, lacerations, blisters) and hard tissue (fractures, dislocations); assessment of injury (TOTAPS)

Management of sports injuries: soft tissue injury management (RICER for first 48-72 hours, no HARM principle), hard tissue injury management (immobilisation, immediate referral), cramps, concussion management

Physical preparation: pre-screening, skill and technique, physical fitness, warm-up and cool-down, taping and bandaging, protective equipment, environmental considerations, hydration and nutrition

Rehabilitation procedures: progressive mobilisation, graduated exercise (stretching, conditioning, total body fitness), training, use of heat and cold; return-to-play indicators including pain-free, full range of motion, full strength, peak performance level, specific warm-up, sport-specific skills and tests

Sports medicine for specific athletes: children and young athletes, adult and older athletes, female athletes (including the female athlete triad), athletes with disability