What makes a text hang together, and how do coherence and cohesion work across spoken and written discourse?
the features of discourse that create coherence and cohesion, including reference, conjunction, lexical chains and conversational conventions
How texts achieve coherence and cohesion through reference, ellipsis, substitution, conjunction, lexical chains and conversational conventions like turn-taking and adjacency pairs.
Reviewed by: AI editorial process; not yet individually human-reviewed
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What this dot point is asking
VCAA wants you to analyse how a text is organised above the level of the sentence. Coherence and cohesion are central discourse concepts, and distinguishing them, then naming the specific cohesive device at work, is a high-value Unit 3 skill that applies to both written and spoken texts.
Coherence versus cohesion
Coherence is the overall sense a text makes: whether the ideas connect logically, follow expected conventions and match the reader's knowledge of the world. A text can be coherent with very few explicit links if it follows a familiar pattern or the context fills the gaps. Cohesion is narrower: it is the network of explicit grammatical and lexical ties that bind sentences and clauses. A text can be cohesive (full of linking words) yet still incoherent if the ideas do not actually connect, and it can be coherent with minimal cohesion.
Cohesive devices
Reference ties parts of a text by pointing: pronouns ("she", "it", "they"), demonstratives ("this", "that") and the definite article ("the") refer back (anaphora) or forward (cataphora) to other elements. Ellipsis omits recoverable material that the reader supplies from context ("Want a coffee?" "Yes please [I want a coffee]"). Substitution replaces an element with a placeholder ("I need a new phone; I'll get one tomorrow"). Conjunction links with connectives that signal logical relationships (additive "and", adversative "but", causal "because", temporal "then"). Lexical cohesion ties a text through vocabulary: repetition, synonyms, antonyms and lexical chains of related words from the same semantic field (a paragraph about a beach holding "sand", "waves", "tide", "shore").
Information flow
Cohesion also works through information flow: the way given (known) and new information are arranged. Texts typically place known information early and new information late, and front-focus or end-focus can be used to emphasise particular elements. Tracking how a text manages old and new information explains why it reads smoothly or feels disjointed.
Conversational conventions in spoken discourse
Spoken texts add their own organising conventions. Turn-taking governs who speaks when, with smooth transitions, overlaps and interruptions all analysable. Adjacency pairs are linked two-part exchanges (question-answer, greeting-greeting, offer-acceptance) that structure interaction. Openings and closings follow recognisable patterns (a phone call opens with a summons-answer and closes with pre-closing signals). Topic management covers how speakers introduce, develop, shift and close topics. Back-channelling ("mmhm", "yeah") and minimal responses keep the channel open and signal listening.
Original examples to study
Take a short written sequence. First sentence: "The council released its budget on Monday." Second: "The document outlined cuts to three services." Third: "These will take effect in July, but residents have already protested." Cohesion here runs through reference ("its", "these"), the synonym chain ("budget" to "the document"), the temporal link ("on Monday" to "in July") and the adversative conjunction "but". Each tie is nameable, and together they make the passage cohesive; the logical progression of facts makes it coherent.
Compare a spoken opening: "Hey." "Oh hey, how's it going?" "Yeah good, you?" The greeting-greeting and question-answer adjacency pairs structure the exchange, the back-channel-like reciprocal "you?" maintains the channel, and the whole sequence follows the conventional opening pattern that makes informal conversation coherent.
A strong answer separates coherence (the sense the text makes) from cohesion (the explicit ties), names the specific cohesive device (reference, ellipsis, substitution, conjunction, lexical chain) or conversational convention (turn-taking, adjacency pair, opening or closing), and explains how it organises the discourse.
Exam-style practice questions
Practice questions written in the style of VCAA exam questions on this dot point, with worked answer explainers. The year tag is the paper they imitate, not the source.
2023 VCAA4 marksAnalyse two features that contribute to coherence in this text. Use appropriate metalanguage and include line numbers in your response.Show worked answer →
Two marks per feature: name a coherence-building feature, quote an example with line numbers, then explain how it helps the reader or listener construct a unified mental model of the text.
Coherence is about how a text makes sense as a whole, so draw on features such as: cohesive ties (anaphoric and cataphoric reference, lexical chains, conjunction, substitution and ellipsis); logical ordering and information flow (given-before-new, end-focus); consistency of topic or semantic field; formatting and text structure (headings, lists); and inference, where the reader supplies world knowledge to bridge gaps.
Distinguish coherence (the overall sense and logical connectedness, partly created in the reader's mind) from cohesion (the explicit surface links). The strongest answers name a specific device, label it accurately and tie it to how it aids understanding here, rather than asserting the text is coherent.
2022 VCAA5 marksHow do discourse strategies and features used by Rulla, Marlon and Daniel reflect their relationships with each other? Refer to line numbers and use appropriate metalanguage in your response.Show worked answer →
A five-mark response needs several developed points, each pairing a named discourse feature (with a line number) to what it reveals about the speakers' relationship.
Draw on discourse-level conversational conventions: smooth turn-taking and latching, supportive overlaps and minimal responses or backchannels (signalling engagement and rapport), collaborative topic management and topic looping, adjacency pairs, and non-fluency features such as shared laughter. Note inclusive first-person plural pronouns ("we", "us"), terms of address and solidarity markers (for example "brutha") and shared in-group reference.
Explain that these features index closeness, equality and solidarity: the speakers co-construct the discourse rather than competing for the floor, supporting a relationship of familiarity and shared identity. Reward accurate metalanguage, well-chosen line-referenced examples, and an explicit link from feature to relationship for each point.