Calculate and interpret financial stability ratios (debt to equity, debt ratio, times interest earned) and synthesise ratio analysis to make and justify decisions about a business

What this dot point is asking

QCAA wants you to assess the long-term financial stability (solvency) of a business and then synthesise all four ratio groups into a justified decision. You must calculate stability ratios such as debt to equity, the debt ratio and times interest earned, explain gearing, recognise the limitations of ratio analysis, and combine profitability, liquidity, efficiency and stability evidence to recommend and justify a decision.

Financial stability ratios

Stability (solvency) ratios test whether a business can meet its long-term obligations and withstand downturns. They focus on the balance between debt and equity funding, known as gearing.

Debt to equity ratio

Debt to equity = (Total liabilities / Total equity) x 100, or expressed as a ratio.

This compares funds provided by creditors with funds provided by owners. A high ratio (high gearing) means the business relies heavily on debt, which magnifies both returns and risk. A debt to equity of 1:1 means equal debt and equity funding; 2:1 means twice as much debt as equity.

Debt ratio

Debt ratio = (Total liabilities / Total assets) x 100

This shows the proportion of assets financed by debt. A debt ratio of 60% means creditors have funded 60% of the assets and owners 40%. The higher the ratio, the greater the claim of creditors and the lower the buffer protecting them.

Times interest earned (interest coverage)

Times interest earned = Profit before interest and tax / Interest expense

This shows how many times profit covers the interest bill. A result of 5 times means profit could fall substantially before interest payments became unaffordable. A low coverage warns that the business is vulnerable if profit dips or interest rates rise.

Gearing: favourable and unfavourable

Gearing is the use of debt to finance the business. Its effect depends on whether borrowed funds earn more than they cost:

• Favourable gearing: when return on assets exceeds the cost of borrowing, debt lifts the return on owner's equity above the return on assets. Borrowing then amplifies the owner's return.
• Unfavourable gearing: when return on assets is below the cost of borrowing, debt drags the owner's return below the return on assets and can threaten solvency.

This is why ROE above ROA (seen in profitability analysis) signals favourable gearing. High gearing raises potential return but also raises risk, because interest must be paid regardless of profit.

Limitations of ratio analysis

Ratios are powerful but partial. A complete answer recognises their limits:

• They are historical, based on past statements, and may not predict the future.
• They ignore non-financial factors: staff quality, brand, customer loyalty, economic conditions.
• They depend on consistent accounting policies; different depreciation or inventory methods reduce comparability.
• A single ratio is meaningless without a benchmark (trend, competitor or industry).
• Period-end figures can be distorted by seasonal timing or one-off events.

Synthesising ratios into a decision

The Unit 4 examination asks you to make and justify a decision, not just calculate. A strong answer integrates the four ratio groups:

1. Profitability: is the business generating adequate returns?
2. Liquidity: can it meet short-term debts?
3. Efficiency: is working capital well managed?
4. Stability: is the long-term debt structure sustainable?

The decision (lend, invest, expand, change credit policy) is justified by weighing the evidence across all groups, noting trends and benchmarks, and acknowledging limitations and non-financial factors. A business can be profitable yet illiquid, or liquid yet over-geared, so the groups must be read together.