Quick questions on Rise of authoritarianism and collapse of collective security: VCE Modern History Unit 1 Year 11

Hitler appointed Chancellor by President Hindenburg on 30 January 1933. The Nazis held only 3 of 11 cabinet positions; conservatives expected to "tame" him.

The fire was blamed on communists. Hindenburg signed the Reichstag Fire Decree suspending civil liberties.

Passed with 444 to 94 vote (Communists already arrested; some Catholic Centre support). Gave Hitler dictatorial powers to legislate without the Reichstag.

Trade unions abolished (May 1933). All political parties banned except NSDAP (July 1933). Civil service, professions, education, civil society all coordinated.

SA leadership (Ernst Rohm and others) killed. Hitler eliminated the SA as a power centre and reassured the army.

Hitler combined Chancellor and President as "Führer". Army swore personal loyalty oath to Hitler.

- Anti-Jewish legislation: Nuremberg Laws (September 1935) defined "Jewishness" and stripped Jews of citizenship. Kristallnacht (9-10 November 1938) was state-organised violence against Jewish people, property and synagogues. - Economic recovery: rearmament-driven (autobahns, public works).

Stalin launched rapid industrialisation in 1928. Production targets set centrally; coal, steel, machinery prioritised.

Peasant farms merged into collective farms (kolkhozes). Resistance was crushed. The "kulak" class was destroyed (dekulakisation).

Show trials of Old Bolsheviks (Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bukharin). Mass executions and deportations to the Gulag. NKVD (secret police) under Yezhov.

Japan had modernised rapidly after Meiji Restoration (1868). After WWI, Japan was a major power but felt slighted by Versailles.

The Mukden Incident, a Japanese-staged provocation, was used as pretext to invade Manchuria. Japan installed the puppet state of Manchukuo (1932). The League of Nations Lytton Report (1933) condemned Japan; Japan withdrew from the League.

Full-scale invasion of China beginning with the Marco Polo Bridge Incident. Nanking Massacre (December 1937 to January 1938): around 200,000-300,000 Chinese civilians and POWs killed.

Anti-Comintern Pact aligned the three revisionist powers.

Mussolini invaded; League imposed limited sanctions; the Hoare-Laval Pact (December 1935, leaked) would have given Italy most of Abyssinia. The League's prestige collapsed.