Germany 1918-1945 - TCE Modern History (Tasmania)
“Analyse the rise and consolidation of Nazi power in Germany, 1918-1945”
You need to explain how the Weimar Republic, founded in 1919, was weakened by defeat, economic crisis and political extremism, allowing Adolf Hitler to become Chancellor on 30 January 1933 and convert Germany into a one-party totalitarian state by 1934.
What this dot point is asking
The story begins with defeat in the First World War. In November 1918 sailors mutinied at Kiel, revolution spread, and Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated on 9 November 1918. The Social Democrat Friedrich Ebert led the new republic, and an armistice ended the war on 11 November. A constitution was drafted at Weimar in 1919, creating a democratic system with proportional representation and Article 48, which let the President rule by emergency decree. From the start the republic carried two burdens: the "stab-in-the-back" myth (the false claim that the army was betrayed by politicians and Jews rather than defeated militarily) and the Treaty of Versailles, signed on 28 June 1919, which imposed war-guilt (Article 231), reparations later fixed at 132 billion gold marks (1921), and heavy territorial and military losses.
The early years were violent and unstable. The Spartacist uprising of January 1919 was crushed and its leaders Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg were murdered. The right attempted the Kapp Putsch in March 1920. When Germany defaulted on reparations, French and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr in January 1923, and the government's response of printing money produced hyperinflation, with the mark collapsing to trillions per US dollar by November 1923. It was in this chaos that Hitler, leader of the small Nazi Party (NSDAP), attempted the Munich (Beer Hall) Putsch on 8-9 November 1923. It failed, and he was jailed, using the time to write Mein Kampf.
Gustav Stresemann, as Chancellor and then Foreign Minister (1923-1929), stabilised the currency with the Rentenmark, negotiated the Dawes Plan (1924) for American loans, secured the Locarno Treaties (1925) and brought Germany into the League of Nations (1926). The relative prosperity of 1924-1929 depended heavily on short-term US loans, leaving Germany dangerously exposed.
The Wall Street Crash of October 1929 ended that stability. American loans were recalled and unemployment soared, reaching roughly 6 million by early 1933. Stresemann had died in October 1929. From 1930 Chancellor Heinrich Bruning governed by presidential decree under Article 48 rather than parliamentary majority, normalising rule without the Reichstag. Mass unemployment and fear of communism drove voters to the extremes. The Nazis won 18 per cent of the vote in September 1930 and became the largest party in July 1932 with 37 per cent, though their share dipped to 33 per cent in November 1932. Hitler offered simple promises: work, bread, national revival and an enemy to blame.
Behind the scenes, conservative elites believed they could use and contain Hitler. After intrigues involving Franz von Papen and General Kurt von Schleicher, the aging President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler Chancellor on 30 January 1933. Consolidation then came swiftly. The Reichstag Fire on 27 February 1933 was blamed on communists and used to pass the Reichstag Fire Decree, suspending civil liberties. After the March 1933 election the Enabling Act (23 March 1933) gave Hitler power to make laws without the Reichstag, the legal foundation of dictatorship. Trade unions were banned and other parties dissolved by mid-1933 (Gleichschaltung, or coordination). The Night of the Long Knives (30 June 1934) destroyed the SA leadership, including Ernst Rohm, reassuring the army. When Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934, Hitler merged the offices of Chancellor and President as Fuhrer, and the armed forces swore a personal oath to him.
A common error is to argue the Treaty of Versailles caused the rise of Hitler by itself. The republic actually survived Versailles and even prospered in the mid-1920s. The decisive trigger was the Great Depression after 1929, combined with the failure of democratic parties to govern and the willingness of conservative elites to hand Hitler power. Always weight long-term resentments against the short-term economic and political crisis.
The Nazi state was totalitarian in intent. Joseph Goebbels controlled propaganda; Heinrich Himmler built the SS and Gestapo; opponents were sent to concentration camps from 1933. Antisemitic policy escalated from the boycott of April 1933 to the Nuremberg Laws (1935) stripping Jews of citizenship, to the Kristallnacht pogrom of 9-10 November 1938. After war began in September 1939 this radicalised into genocide: the murder of around six million Jews in the Holocaust, decided in policy at the Wannsee Conference (January 1942). The regime was finally destroyed by total military defeat, and Hitler killed himself on 30 April 1945; Germany surrendered on 8 May 1945.
Historians debate how this happened. Intentionalists such as Karl Dietrich Bracher stress Hitler's ideology and design; structuralists or functionalists such as Hans Mommsen and Martin Broszat emphasise chaotic, competing agencies and "cumulative radicalisation". Debate also continues, since Daniel Goldhagen's 1996 work, over how far ordinary Germans shared in responsibility. For TASC source analysis, you should weigh long-term structural weaknesses against short-term contingency and individual agency.
A TASC extended response asks you to trace consolidation as a sequence of legal and illegal steps with analysis at each stage. Build the plan chronologically before writing.
Step 1: Set the starting point
Establish that Hitler was appointed Chancellor on 30 January 1933 in a backroom deal, not by coup. He led a coalition and lacked dictatorial power, so consolidation was still required.
Step 2: Use crisis to suspend liberties
Explain the Reichstag Fire of 27 February 1933 and the Reichstag Fire Decree the next day, which suspended civil liberties and enabled mass arrests of communists, tilting the March 1933 election.
Step 3: Secure the legal dictatorship
Identify the Enabling Act of 23 March 1933 as the legal foundation, letting the cabinet legislate without the Reichstag. Then trace Gleichschaltung: unions banned in May, other parties gone by July, the Lander brought under central control.
Step 4: Remove rivals and merge offices
Explain the Night of the Long Knives on 30 June 1934, which eliminated Rohm and the SA leadership to reassure the army. On Hindenburg's death in August 1934, Hitler merged Chancellor and President as Fuhrer and took the army's personal oath.
Step 5: Reach a judgement
Conclude that consolidation combined legal forms with terror, dismantling democracy from within in eighteen months, and decide whether legality or violence mattered more.
Exam-style questions
Questions in the style of TASC exam questions on this dot point, each with a worked answer. They are written by ExamExplained unless tagged "Past paper"; the year shows the paper a question is modelled on.
Practice10 marksSource A is a 1932 NSDAP election poster produced under Goebbels during the Depression. With reference to its origin, purpose and content, assess the usefulness of this source for a historian investigating why Germans voted for the Nazi Party.Show worked answer →
A TASC source-evaluation question wants origin, purpose and content tied to a judgement about usefulness for the stated inquiry, not a description of the poster.
Origin and purpose. Identify the source as an official NSDAP campaign poster from 1932, produced under Joseph Goebbels during the Depression. Its purpose is persuasion, so it is deliberately selective and emotive.
Usefulness. Argue it is highly useful as evidence of the Nazi message and electoral appeal: it shows how the party blamed Versailles, the Republic and named enemies while promising work, bread and national renewal. It is less useful as a record of why people actually voted, because it reveals what the party offered, not how voters received it.
Make the analytical move that a propaganda source is unreliable as a neutral record but very useful as evidence of intent and method. Tie each point back to the inquiry.
Markers reward the origin-purpose-content link, a judgement relative to the question, and the recognition that a biased source still reveals perspective.
Practice20 marksTo what extent was the Great Depression responsible for the collapse of Weimar democracy and the Nazi rise to power?Show worked answer →
A 20 mark extended response needs a clear thesis weighing the Depression against other causes, sustained across structured paragraphs.
Thesis. Argue the Depression was the decisive trigger but worked on a Republic already weakened by Versailles and structural flaws, so it is best seen as a catalyst rather than the sole cause.
For the Depression. After 1929 American loans were recalled, unemployment passed six million by early 1933, and the Nazi vote surged from 18 per cent in 1930 to 37 per cent in July 1932. Rule by Article 48 decree from 1930 normalised authoritarian government.
Other causes. Weigh long-term factors: the Dolchstosslegende, the Versailles Diktat and reparations, proportional representation producing weak coalitions, and the Article 48 emergency power. Then the contingent factor: Hindenburg appointing Hitler in January 1933 in von Papen's backroom deal.
Judgement. Conclude that the Depression was necessary but not sufficient, the shock that let pre-existing weaknesses be exploited. Reference the structuralist-versus-contingency debate over whether Weimar was doomed from birth.
Markers reward a weighed thesis, precise evidence and a reasoned judgement that addresses "to what extent".