Apply principles of social justice and equity to explain and address health inequities

What this dot point is asking

This dot point asks you to apply the principles of social justice and the idea of equity to explain why health outcomes differ between groups and how those differences can be reduced. You need to distinguish equity from equality and use these ideas to evaluate health action.

The principles of social justice

Social justice provides the values that underpin health promotion. The main principles are equity, access, participation and human rights. Equity means fairness, ensuring resources match need. Access means everyone can obtain the services and conditions for health. Participation means people have a say in decisions affecting their health. Rights means health is treated as a basic human entitlement rather than a privilege.

Equity versus equality

The distinction between equity and equality is central. Equality gives every group the same resources or service. Equity recognises that groups start from different positions and need different levels of support to reach the same outcome. A single health campaign delivered identically to everyone is equal, but if it fails to reach a remote community with poor internet and no local clinic, it is not equitable. True fairness often means doing more for those who face greater barriers.

How inequities arise

Health inequities are not random; they follow the social determinants. Income, education, employment, housing, location and discrimination shape exposure to risk and access to care. Because these conditions cluster among disadvantaged groups, their poorer health is patterned and predictable. What makes the difference an inequity rather than simply a variation is that it is both unfair and avoidable through reasonable action.

Priority populations

Certain groups in Australia experience persistent inequities: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, people in rural and remote areas, people of low socioeconomic position, people with disability, and some culturally and linguistically diverse communities. The gap in life expectancy between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and other Australians is a clear example of an avoidable inequity that national efforts aim to close.

Acting on inequity

Applying social justice means designing action that reaches those with the greatest need and removes barriers to access and participation. This can mean culturally safe services, local delivery in remote areas, removing cost barriers, and involving communities in decisions. Evaluating a program through a social justice lens asks not only whether average health improved but whether the gap between groups narrowed.

Applying this in assessment

In responses, define the relevant principle, distinguish equity from equality where it matters, and apply the idea to a specific group and issue. Use the social determinants to explain why the inequity exists, then judge whether a proposed action is genuinely equitable. Examiners reward answers that move from naming principles to applying them to evidence.

Social justice provides the ethical foundation for the whole course, because deciding which health actions are worthwhile ultimately rests on judgements about fairness, access and the right to health.