Explain the relationship between arousal, anxiety and performance using the inverted-U and related theories, and evaluate strategies for managing arousal.

What this dot point is asking

You must explain how arousal and anxiety relate to performance using established theories, and evaluate strategies for managing arousal.

Arousal and the theories

• Drive theory proposes that performance improves in a straight line as arousal rises. It holds for very simple or well-learned skills but fails to explain why high arousal often harms performance.
• Inverted-U theory proposes that performance improves as arousal rises to an optimal point, then declines as arousal becomes too high. This is the model most often applied.
• Catastrophe theory refines the inverted-U: once arousal passes the optimal point combined with high cognitive anxiety, performance does not gently decline but drops suddenly and dramatically, and is hard to recover within the same performance.

The optimal level depends on the task

The optimal level of arousal is not fixed.

• Simple, gross skills (a powerlift, a rugby tackle) are performed best at high arousal.
• Fine, complex skills (a golf putt, an archery shot, a basketball free throw) are performed best at lower arousal, because high arousal causes tremor and narrows attention.
• Skill level matters: experts in the autonomous stage tolerate higher arousal than beginners because their skills are automatic.

Anxiety

Anxiety is the negative emotional state that accompanies excessive arousal.

• Cognitive anxiety is the mental component: worry, negative thoughts and fear of failure.
• Somatic anxiety is the physical component: raised heart rate, sweating, muscle tension and butterflies.
• State anxiety is temporary, tied to a specific situation; trait anxiety is a stable personality tendency to feel anxious across many situations.

Strategies for managing arousal

Performers regulate arousal toward the optimal zone using:

• Relaxation techniques: deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation and centring to lower arousal.
• Mental rehearsal and imagery: visualising successful performance to build confidence and calm cognitive anxiety.
• Self-talk: positive, instructional statements to replace negative thoughts.
• Goal setting: focusing on controllable process goals to reduce outcome worry.
• Psyching-up techniques: energising music, vigorous movement and arousing self-talk when arousal is too low.