Quick questions on Australian Indigenous rights movements (QCE Modern History Unit 2)

Aboriginal Progressive Association (NSW) led by William Cooper, Jack Patten and William Ferguson held the first Day of Mourning to coincide with the 150th anniversary of British colonisation. Demanded full citizenship rights.

Section $127$ of the Constitution (1901) provided that "aboriginal natives shall not be counted" in reckoning the Commonwealth or state populations. Section $51(xxvi)$ gave the Commonwealth power to make laws for "the people of any race, other than the aboriginal race in any State". Both provisions excluded Aboriginal people from Commonwealth jurisdiction.

Around $200$ Aboriginal people walked off the Cummeragunja reserve (Murray River, NSW) in protest at conditions. One of the first organised protest actions of the modern era.

First national Indigenous advocacy organisation. Campaigned for the 1967 referendum.

Charles Perkins (Arrernte) and University of Sydney students toured NSW country towns documenting and protesting racial discrimination. Modelled on US Freedom Rides.

Vincent Lingiari led $200$ Gurindji stockmen, domestics and their families off the Wave Hill cattle station owned by Vesteys, initially over wages but evolving into a land-rights claim. The strike continued until 1975, when Whitlam handed Lingiari a symbolic handful of soil at Daguragu.

$90.77$% Yes vote on the question to amend sections $51(xxvi)$ and $127$. The highest Yes vote in any Australian referendum.

Set up on the lawns of Parliament House (Old Parliament House) in Canberra. Demanded recognition of land rights. Continues to operate as a permanent protest.

Established by the Whitlam government.

Fraser government legislation establishing the first land-rights regime in Australia. Returned approximately $50$% of the Northern Territory to Aboriginal traditional owners by the 21st century.

High Court decision rejecting the doctrine of terra nullius. Eddie Koiki Mabo (Meriam, Murray Islands) and others established native title at common law over the Murray Islands. The decision overruled $200$ years of legal fiction.

Keating government legislation providing a statutory framework for recognition of native title claims across Australia. Keating's "Redfern Speech" (December 1992) acknowledged settler responsibility for dispossession.

High Court ruled that pastoral leases did not necessarily extinguish native title. The Howard government's Ten Point Plan (1997) and Native Title Amendment Act (1998) limited native title's reach.

Inquiry led by Sir Ronald Wilson found that policies of removing Aboriginal children from their families (from the late 19th century to the 1970s) constituted genocide under the UN Convention. Recommended apology and reparations.

Prime Minister Kevin Rudd delivered a formal apology to the Stolen Generations in the House of Representatives.