Quick questions on 20th-century independence and nationalist movements (QCE Modern History Unit 2)

Irish Volunteers and Irish Citizen Army seized buildings in Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic. British forces crushed the rising within a week. Fifteen of the leaders were executed (3-12 May 1916), creating Irish republican martyrs.

Won $73$ of $105$ Irish seats. Established the First Dáil (Irish parliament) and the Irish Republic (January 1919).

IRA guerrilla campaign led by Michael Collins. British "Black and Tans" reprisals (1920). Government of Ireland Act (1920) partitioned Ireland.

Established the Irish Free State as a dominion within the British Empire. Partitioned Northern Ireland out. Split the independence movement; Civil War (1922-1923) followed.

Ireland became a full republic outside the Commonwealth.

Initially a moderate lobbying group.

British troops under General Dyer killed at least $379$ unarmed civilians at Jallianwala Bagh in the Punjab. Radicalised the movement.

The Salt March (March-April 1930): Gandhi walked $390$ km from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi to make salt in defiance of the British salt tax. Hundreds of thousands joined the salt satyagraha.

Provincial autonomy; Congress won most provincial elections (1937).

Britain committed India to the war without consulting Indian leaders. Congress launched the Quit India movement (August 1942); leaders arrested and held for most of the war.

The Muslim League's demand for Pakistan (Lahore Resolution 1940) and Hindu-Muslim communal violence led Mountbatten to partition the subcontinent. India and Pakistan became independent on 14-15 August 1947. Estimated $1$ to $2$ million dead and $14$ million displaced in partition violence.

Kwame Nkrumah's Convention People's Party led the first sub-Saharan African colony to gain independence (6 March 1957). Nkrumah was a leading proponent of pan-Africanism.

Seventeen African states became independent in a single year, mostly French and Belgian colonies.

Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) launched the Algerian War of Independence on 1 November 1954. The war killed several hundred thousand Algerians. France's Fourth Republic collapsed (1958); de Gaulle returned to power and ultimately negotiated the Evian Accords (March 1962).

Mau Mau Uprising (1952-1960). British counterinsurgency in detention camps documented in scholarship (Caroline Elkins, Imperial Reckoning, 2005). Independence under Jomo Kenyatta (12 December 1963).