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QLDModern HistoryQuick questions
Unit 1: Ideas in the modern world
Quick questions on The Industrial Revolution and modernity (QCE Modern History Unit 1)
4short Q&A pairs drawn directly from our worked dot-point answer. For full context and worked exam questions, read the parent dot-point page.
What is urbanisation?Show answer
In 1750 about $15$% of the British population lived in cities; by 1850 about $50$%. Manchester grew from $25\,000$ in 1772 to $300\,000$ in 1850.
What is class formation?Show answer
Industrialisation produced two new and self-conscious classes: the urban industrial bourgeoisie (factory owners, merchants, professionals) and the industrial working class (factory operatives, dock workers, railway labourers). The agricultural population shrank in relative terms.
What is living conditions?Show answer
Real-wage data shows stagnation or decline during the 1780-1820 phase (the so-called Engels pause), with steady gains thereafter. Public health collapsed in early industrial cities: Manchester's infant mortality was over $300$ per $1000$ live births in the 1840s. Edwin Chadwick's 1842 report on sanitary conditions led to the 1848 Public Health Act.
What is family and women's work?Show answer
Pre-industrial cottage industry was a family activity. The factory separated work from home. Children worked in mills until the 1833 Factory Act restricted under-9s and limited under-13s to nine hours per day.
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