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QLDLegal StudiesQuick questions
Unit 4: Human rights in legal contexts
Quick questions on The development of human rights: UDHR 1948 and the 1966 Covenants: QCE Legal Studies
8short Q&A pairs drawn directly from our worked dot-point answer. For full context and worked exam questions, read the parent dot-point page.
What is historic milestones?Show answer
Modern human rights drew on philosophical and legal traditions across centuries:
What is the League of Nations and the inter-war period?Show answer
The Covenant of the League of Nations 1919 was the first effort at multilateral peace and security. It failed to prevent the Second World War. The International Labour Organization, founded in 1919 and later a UN specialised agency, developed international labour standards.
What is post-World War II?Show answer
The Charter of the United Nations 1945 (in force 24 October 1945) was the founding document of the UN. Article 1 lists the maintenance of international peace and security and the development of friendly relations between nations among its purposes. Article 55 commits members to the promotion of universal respect for human rights.
What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948?Show answer
The UDHR was proclaimed by the UN General Assembly on 10 December 1948 (Resolution 217 A (III)). 48 states voted in favour; none against; 8 abstained.
What is the two 1966 Covenants?Show answer
To translate the UDHR into binding treaty law, the UN General Assembly adopted two covenants in 1966 (both in force 1976).
What is dualism in Australian law?Show answer
Australia operates a dualist system. International treaties do not automatically bind Australian domestic law. The Commonwealth Parliament must legislate to incorporate treaty obligations. Examples:
What is international Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966?Show answer
Civil and political rights: life (article 6), prohibition on torture (article 7), liberty and security (article 9), fair trial (article 14), freedom of expression (article 19), peaceful assembly (article 21), participation in public affairs (article 25), prohibition on discrimination (article 26).
What is international Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966?Show answer
Economic, social and cultural rights: work (article 6), just conditions of work (article 7), social security (article 9), family life (article 10), adequate standard of living (article 11), health (article 12), education (article 13), cultural life (article 15).