The seven information processes explained: HSC Information Processes and Technology
“Identify and describe the seven information processes (collecting, organising, analysing, storing and retrieving, processing, transmitting and receiving, displaying)”
The seven information processes are collecting, organising, analysing, storing and retrieving, processing, transmitting and receiving, and displaying. Collecting gathers data; organising arranges it into a usable form; analysing interprets it; storing and retrieving saves it and brings it back; processing manipulates and updates it; transmitting and receiving moves it between locations; and displaying presents it to people. Every information system performs some combination of these, supported by participants, data, hardware, software and information technology.
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Legacy course. This page covers HSC Information Processes and Technology (IPT), which NESA has replaced. The last IPT HSC exam was held in 2024; current students study Enterprise Computing 11-12 or Software Engineering 11-12 (first HSC exams in 2025). See the IPT hub for what carries over, or our HSC Software Engineering hub. Use this page as background only.
What this dot point is asking
NESA wants you to name the seven information processes and describe what each one does. These processes are the backbone of the whole course: every system you study, from a transaction processing system to a multimedia system, is analysed by asking how it collects, organises, analyses, stores and retrieves, processes, transmits and receives, and displays information.
The answer
Information systems as a frame
An information system is the people, data, processes and technology that work together to perform information processes. Across the course every system is described using the same five components: participants (people who carry out the processes), data and information, information processes, and information technology (the hardware and software). The seven information processes are the verbs that describe what the system actually does.
Collecting
Collecting is gathering data and entering it into the system. It covers deciding what data is needed, identifying the source, and capturing it. Capture methods include manual keying, barcode scanning, optical mark recognition, sensors and web forms. Good collection considers the accuracy and relevance of the data and avoids collecting more than is needed.
Organising
Organising arranges collected data into a form suitable for the other processes. This includes structuring data into records and fields, formatting it, coding it (for example storing a state as a short code), and sorting it. Organisation is what turns a messy pile of raw input into something a database or program can work with.
Analysing
Analysing interprets organised data to find meaning, patterns or relationships. It includes selecting relevant data, comparing it, and drawing conclusions. Querying a database, building a model, or running a what-if scenario in a spreadsheet are all analysis. Analysis is where raw data becomes useful information.
Storing and retrieving
Storing saves data and information so it can be used again later; retrieving brings it back when needed. This process covers the storage medium (disk, solid state, cloud), the file or database structure, backup, and the indexes that make retrieval fast. Storing and retrieving is paired because data is only worth storing if it can be found again.
Processing
Processing manipulates data to create new data or to update what is stored. It includes calculations, editing, updating records, and transforming data from one form to another. When a payroll system multiplies hours by a pay rate, or a transaction system deducts stock, that is processing.
Transmitting and receiving
Transmitting and receiving moves data and information between locations, between the parts of a system, or between systems. It covers the network, the protocols, and the encoding used to send and then correctly receive the data. Sending an order from a checkout to a central server, or downloading a web page, are transmission and reception.
Displaying
Displaying presents information to people in a form they can understand and use. It includes screen output, printed reports, graphs, audio and video. Good display considers the audience and the purpose, choosing the format (table, chart, dashboard) that communicates most clearly.
How the processes chain together
The processes rarely act alone. A typical flow is collect, organise, store, then later retrieve, process, analyse, and display, with transmitting and receiving moving data between stages. Analysing the same system through all seven processes is exactly the skill the exam tests, so practise describing a familiar system (a library loans system, an online shop) process by process.
Describe the seven information processes in a supermarket self checkout.
Collecting: the barcode scanner and scales capture each item and its weight.
Organising: scanned codes are formatted into a transaction record of items and quantities.
Analysing: the system checks for unexpected items in the bagging area and flags exceptions.
Storing and retrieving: the system retrieves each item's price and description from the product database and stores the completed sale.
Processing: it calculates the running total, applies discounts, and updates stock levels.
Transmitting and receiving: the transaction is sent to the store server and the bank for payment authorisation, and the approval is received back.
Displaying: the screen shows the running total and a receipt is printed.
Treating storing and retrieving as two separate processes. NESA lists them as one paired process; do not pad an answer by splitting them.
Confusing organising and processing. Organising arranges data into a usable structure; processing manipulates data to produce new or updated data. Sorting is organising; calculating a total is processing.
Mixing up analysing and displaying. Analysing finds the meaning; displaying presents it. A graph is displayed, but deciding what the graph shows is analysis.
Forgetting transmitting and receiving in standalone systems. Even a single computer transmits data internally between components, so most systems touch this process.
Listing the processes without describing them. The verb on its own earns little; markers want a short description tied to the system in the question.
Exam-style questions
Questions in the style of NESA exam questions on this dot point, each with a worked answer. They are written by ExamExplained unless tagged "Past paper"; the year shows the paper a question is modelled on.
2021 HSC-style1 markA website sells fresh flowers. After a purchase is made, information about the purchase is entered into a database and distributed to a delivery driver via email. Which combination of information processes is carried out immediately after a purchase is made? A. Storing and displaying. B. Storing and transmitting. C. Collecting and displaying. D. Collecting and transmitting.Show worked answer →
The answer is B, Storing and transmitting.
Identify each action against the seven information processes:
"Entered into a database" is storing (and retrieving) - the purchase data is saved to the database.
"Distributed to a delivery driver via email" is transmitting and receiving - data is sent over a communication system to the driver.
Collecting would be the initial gathering of the order details from the customer, which happens during the purchase, not immediately after it. So the two processes carried out immediately after the purchase are storing and transmitting, which is option B.
2019 HSC-style4 marksA city collects census data online from over six million residents. Describe the requirements of the system in terms of storing and retrieving, and analysing.Show worked answer →
For 4 marks address both named information processes (about 2 marks each).
Storing and retrieving:
The system needs large-capacity, reliable storage (online storage such as a server or cloud database) to hold millions of records, with backups for security.
It must allow fast retrieval and indexing so individual or grouped records can be located quickly, and use a schema and data dictionary to organise the data.
Analysing:
The system must support querying and aggregation so the city can produce statistics on ages, addresses, incomes and jobs (for example counts and averages by suburb).
Tools such as reports, charts and data summaries turn the raw census data into useful information for planning.
Markers reward addressing both processes with specific requirements (capacity, backup, indexing, querying, reporting), linked to the census scale.
2020 HSC-style5 marksA school introduces a system letting parents order and pay for school items by phone and collect their order, with a text sent when ready and an emailed receipt. Analyse the new system in terms of the information processes of processing, and storing and retrieving.Show worked answer →
"Analyse" at 5 marks wants you to break the system into the two named processes and show how each operates here.
Processing:
The system transforms collected order and payment data: it calculates totals, validates and authorises the payment, and changes an order's status to "ready for collection," which triggers the text message.
Processing also generates the electronic receipt from the stored payment data.
Storing and retrieving:
Order, payment and parent contact details are stored in a database so they can be retrieved by staff at the collection point and used to send the receipt.
Retrieval supports the workflow: staff look up the order to fulfil it, and the system retrieves the parent's email and phone number to send the receipt and notification.
Tie the two together: data is stored, then retrieved and processed to drive the notifications and receipt. Markers reward clear treatment of both processes applied to this ordering system.