Unit 1: How can the diversity of materials be explained?

Organic functional groups. Identifies the alkane, alkene, alkyne, alcohol and carboxylic-acid families, names compounds up to six carbons, and works the VCAA-style "identify functional groups in this molecule" task.

Electron configuration. Covers the Schrödinger model (shells, subshells, orbitals), spdf notation up to Z=36, and the explanation of atomic radius, first ionisation energy and electronegativity trends across periods and down groups.

Metallic and ionic bonding. Covers the metallic bonding model and how it explains malleability, conductivity and lustre; the role of alloying; the ionic bonding model and lattice structure; and the writing of names and formulas of binary and ternary ionic compounds.

Mass spectrometry as an analytical technique. Covers the four stages of a mass spectrometer (ionisation, acceleration, deflection, detection), interpreting a mass spectrum (m/z axis, base peak, molecular ion peak, isotope patterns) and an introduction to fragmentation for organic molecules.

Atomic structure. Covers the nuclear model of the atom, nuclear notation, isotopes, the relative atomic mass calculation from isotopic abundances, and how a mass spectrometer determines that abundance.

Solubility. Covers the dissolution of ionic compounds in water (hydration shells and hydration enthalpy), why polar solvents dissolve polar solutes and non-polar solvents dissolve non-polar solutes (like dissolves like), and the difference between saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated solutions.

Covalent bonding. Covers the formation of covalent bonds, Lewis (electron-dot) structures including for ions, VSEPR-based shape prediction for the common geometries up to six electron pairs, and how shape plus electronegativity decide overall molecular polarity.

Intermolecular forces. Covers dispersion, dipole-dipole and hydrogen bonding, ranking and predicting boiling points, and the structure and properties of covalent molecular, covalent network and covalent layered (graphite, graphene) substances and the allotropes of carbon.

Allotropes of carbon and covalent network solids. Covers diamond, graphite, graphene, fullerenes and carbon nanotubes, plus silicon dioxide, explaining hardness, melting point, conductivity and solubility from the bonding and structure of each lattice.

Formulae. Walks through the standard percent-composition-to-empirical-formula procedure (divide by atomic mass, divide by smallest, multiply for integers), uses molar mass to find molecular formula, and works the VCAA-style combustion-analysis question.

Mole. Defines Avogadro's number ($6.022 \times 10^{23}$), applies $n = m/M$, $N = n \cdot N_A$, and works the standard VCAA stoichiometry problem with a limiting reagent.

Nomenclature. Applies IUPAC rules to ionic compounds (cation followed by anion, balanced charges), covalent compounds (numerical prefixes), and simple organic compounds (root, suffix), and works the VCAA SAC-style name-the-compound task.