Quick questions on Anti-war and counterculture movements (QCE Modern History Unit 2)

Berkeley Free Speech Movement (1964) on the right of students to engage in political activity on campus. Teach-ins (1965). Sustained anti-war organising as US troop levels rose from $200\,000$ (end 1965) to peak of $543\,000$ (1969).

North Vietnamese and Viet Cong launched simultaneous attacks across South Vietnam. Tactically a US/ARVN victory but a strategic shock: it contradicted official optimism. Walter Cronkite's editorial declaring the war unwinnable (27 February 1968) symbolised the loss of establishment support.

Lyndon Johnson announced he would not seek re-election (March 1968). Martin Luther King assassinated (April 1968). Robert F.

Ohio National Guard shot four students dead during anti-war protests, triggering a nationwide strike at over $400$ universities.

Paris Peace Accords (January 1973). US ground troops out. Final North Vietnamese victory (April 1975).

Selective conscription by birthday ballot. Conscripts could be sent to Vietnam.

Predominantly women's anti-conscription organisation.

Approximately $200\,000$ people demonstrated nationally; $100\,000$ in Melbourne. Jim Cairns (deputy leader of the federal Labor Party from 1971) led the Melbourne march. Largest political demonstration in Australian history to that point.

Around $100\,000$ nationally.

Smaller as troops were withdrawing.

Ended conscription on his first day in office. Withdrew remaining Australian troops.

Historians have moved away from "Sixties revolution" narratives toward more sceptical accounts (Andreas Killen, 1973 Nervous Breakdown, 2006; David Frum, How We Got Here, 2000) that locate the period's real changes in the long 1970s as much as in 1968.