Competitive markets - the structure of markets (perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, monopoly); Porter's five forces (industry rivalry, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of buyers, threat of new entrants, threat of substitutes); and the implications of competitive intensity for diversification

What this dot point is asking

QCAA wants you to know the four classical market structures, Porter's five forces framework, and the implications of competitive intensity for the diversification decision. Both IA1 (data test) and the EA frequently use Porter's five forces as the structural analysis tool for a stimulus market.

The answer

Market structures

Four classical structures.

Most Australian consumer markets sit in monopolistic competition or oligopoly. True perfect competition is rare; true monopolies usually exist only by regulation or natural-monopoly infrastructure.

Porter's five forces

Michael Porter's (1979) five forces framework identifies the structural determinants of profitability in an industry.

1. Industry rivalry

Intensity of competition between existing firms. High rivalry compresses margins.

Drivers of high rivalry:

• Many competitors of similar size.
• Slow industry growth (forces share-taking).
• Low product differentiation.
• High fixed costs (incentive to fill capacity).
• High exit barriers.

2. Bargaining power of suppliers

How much suppliers can extract from the industry. High supplier power compresses margins.

Drivers of high supplier power:

• Few large suppliers.
• No substitutes for the supplier's input.
• The industry is not a critical customer of the supplier.
• High switching cost between suppliers.

3. Bargaining power of buyers

How much buyers can extract from the industry. High buyer power compresses margins.

Drivers of high buyer power:

• Few large buyers.
• Standardised products (easy to switch).
• Buyers face low switching costs.
• Buyers can integrate backwards (make it themselves).

4. Threat of new entrants

How easily new firms can enter. High threat compresses margins.

Barriers to entry:

• Economies of scale.
• Capital requirements.
• Brand loyalty.
• Distribution access.
• Regulatory licensing.
• Patents and proprietary technology.

5. Threat of substitutes

How easily customers can switch to alternative products that meet the same need. High threat caps prices.

Examples of substitutes:

• Video calling substitutes for business travel.
• Plant-based meat substitutes for animal meat.
• Generic medicines substitute for branded medicines after patent expiry.

Implications for the diversification decision

High overall competitive intensity (rivalry, supplier power, buyer power, entry threat, substitute threat all high) means low average industry profitability. A business in such a market faces a structural decision.

• Defend and improve position within the market through scale, differentiation, or cost leadership.
• Diversify into adjacent markets where competitive intensity is lower.
• Exit if the position cannot be defended profitably.

Diversification is most attractive when:

• The current market is structurally unattractive.
• The business has capabilities transferable to a less-intense market.
• The diversification market has acceptable five-forces dynamics.

Worked Australian examples

Big Four banks (oligopoly)

CBA, Westpac, NAB and ANZ each hold around 20-25 percent share of Australian mortgages. Industry rivalry is moderate (interdependent pricing, sticky customers). Supplier power (depositors, wholesale funders) is moderate. Buyer power (customers) is moderate. Entry threat is low (capital requirements, APRA licensing). Substitute threat is moderate-and-growing (Macquarie's mortgage growth, non-bank lenders, BNPL for retail). The structure has produced consistent high profitability historically, though margins are compressing.

Australian mining (concentrated commodity market)

BHP, Rio Tinto and Glencore dominate iron-ore and coal exports. Industry rivalry is moderate (cost-curve competition globally). Supplier power is low (commodity inputs). Buyer power is concentrated (a few Asian steelmakers). Entry threat is low (capital and tenement requirements). Substitute threat is low for iron ore (steel is the substrate); higher for coal (renewables substituting).

Sydney cafes (monopolistic competition)

Thousands of cafes in Sydney, each differentiated by location, coffee quality, food and atmosphere. Industry rivalry is intense. Supplier power varies (some coffee roasters dominate). Buyer power is high (customers can switch easily). Entry threat is high (low capital required). Substitute threat is moderate (home espresso, takeaway from supermarkets, McCafe). Result: thin margins, high failure rate.